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Federalist No. 70, titled “The Executive Department Further Considered,” is an essay written by Alexander Hamilton arguing for the unitary executive provided for in the United States Constitution.〔Prakash, Saikrishna Bangalore. "Hail to the Chief Administrator: The Framers and the President's Administrative Powers." Yale Law Journal (1993): 991-1017.〕〔Hamilton, Alexander, et al. The Federalist. Vol. 43. Hackett Publishing, 2005.〕〔Coenan, Dan T. “Rhetoric for Ratification: The Argument of the Federalist and Its Impact on Constitutional Interpretation.” 56 Duke Law Journal.469-543 (2006-2007): 56 Web. 9 April 2014〕〔Izquierdo, Richard Alexander. "The American Presidency and the Logic of Constitutional Renewal: Pricing in Institutions and Historical Context from the Beginning." JL & Politics 28 (2013): 273-307.〕〔James P. Pfiffner Public Administration Review , Vol. 71, Supplement to Volume 71: The Federalist Papers Revised for Twenty-First-Century Reality (December 2011) , pp. S112-S117〕〔Peri E. Arnold Public Administration Review , Vol. 71, Supplement to Volume 71: The Federalist Papers Revised for Twenty-First-Century Reality (December 2011) , pp. S105-S111〕〔Calabresi, Steven G. "Some Normative Arguments for the Unitary Executive."Ark. L. Rev. 48 (1995): 23-104.〕〔Corwin, Edward Samuel. "President, office and powers." (1948).〕〔Fatovic, Clement. "Constitutionalism and presidential prerogative: Jeffersonian and Hamiltonian perspectives." American Journal of Political Science 48.3 (2004): 429-444.〕 It was originally published on March 15, 1788 in The New York Packet under the pseudonym Publius as part of ''The Federalist'' Papers and as the fourth in Hamilton’s series of eleven essays discussing executive power.〔Paul Leicester Ford. "The Federalist",1898."〕 Hamilton argues that unity in the executive branch is a main ingredient for both energy and safety.〔Hamilton, Alexander, et al. The Federalist. Vol. 43. Hackett Publishing, 2005.〕〔Calabresi, Steven G. "Some Normative Arguments for the Unitary Executive."Ark. L. Rev. 48 (1995): 23-104.〕〔Corwin, Edward Samuel. "President, office and powers." (1948).〕 Energy arises from the proceedings of a single person, characterized by, "decision, activity, secrecy, and dispatch," while safety arises from the unitary executive’s unconcealed accountability to the people.〔Izquierdo, Richard Alexander. "The American Presidency and the Logic of Constitutional Renewal: Pricing in Institutions and Historical Context from the Beginning." JL & Politics 28 (2013): 273-307.〕〔Pfiffner, James P. "Federalist No. 70: Is the President Too Powerful?." Public Administration Review 71.s1 (2011): s112-s117.〕〔Calabresi, Steven G. "Some Normative Arguments for the Unitary Executive."Ark. L. Rev. 48 (1995): 23-104.〕〔Corwin, Edward Samuel. "President, office and powers." (1948).〕〔Bailey, Jeremy D. "The new unitary executive and democratic theory: The problem of Alexander Hamilton." American Political Science Review 102.04 (2008): 453-465.〕 ==Historical and philosophical influences== Before ratifying the Constitution in 1787, the thirteen states were bound by the Articles of Confederation, which authorized the Continental Congress to conduct foreign diplomacy and granted sovereignty to the states.〔Jensen, Merrill (1959). The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. xi, 184. ISBN 978-0-299-00204-6.〕 By 1787, both Congress and the states had accumulated considerable debt from the Revolutionary War, but the Articles of Confederation denied Congress the powers of taxation and regulation of foreign and interstate commerce.〔Prakash, Saikrishna Bangalore. "Hail to the Chief Administrator: The Framers and the President's Administrative Powers." The Yale Law Journal 102.4 (1993): 991-1017. JSTOR. Web. 19 Apr. 2014.〕〔Letter George Washington to George Clinton, September 11, 1783. The George Washington Papers, 1741–1799〕 Alexander Hamilton, along with many other Framers, believed the solution to this and problems of federal law enforcement could be solved with a strong centralized government.〔〔Bowen, Catherine (2010) (published 1966 ). Miracle at Philadelphia : the story of the Constitutional Convention, May to September 1787. New York: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-10261-2.〕〔Chernow, Ron (2004). Alexander Hamilton. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-101-20085-8.〕 Alexander Hamilton greatly admired the British monarchy, and sought to create a similarly strong unitary executive in the United States.〔Mitchell, Broadus. "Alexander Hamilton, Executive Power and the New Nation." Presidential Studies Quarterly (1987): 329-343, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40574455〕〔Scheuerman, William E. "American Kingship? Monarchical Origins of Modern Presidentialism." JSTOR. Palgrave Macmillan Journals, n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3877061〕〔Loss, Richard. "Alexander Hamilton and the Modern Presidency: Continuity or Discontinuity?." Presidential Studies Quarterly (1982): 6-25, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/27547773.pdf?acceptTC=true&jpdConfirm=true〕〔Scheuerman, William E. "American Kingship? Monarchical Origins of Modern Presidentialism." JSTOR. Palgrave Macmillan Journals, n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/10.2307/3877061.pdf〕 One of the major influences on his thinking was political theorist, Jean-Louis de Lolme who praised the English monarchy for being "sufficiently independent and sufficiently controlled.” 〔Scheuerman, William E. "American Kingship? Monarchical Origins of Modern Presidentialism." JSTOR. Palgrave Macmillan Journals, n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3877061.pdf?&acceptTC=true&jpdConfirm=true〕〔Prakash, Saikrishna, The Essential Meaning of Executive Power (February 2000). USD School of Law, Public Law Working Paper No. 04, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=223757〕 In Federalist No. 70, Hamilton cites De Lolme to support his argument that a unitary executive will have the greatest accountability to the people.〔Hamilton, Alexander, et al. The Federalist Papers. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2008. Print.〕 Hamilton was also inspired by William Blackstone and John Locke, who favored an executive who would act on his own prerogative while maintaining respect for constitutional obligations.〔Weaver, David R. "Leadership, Locke, and the Federalist." American Journal of Political Science (1997): 420-446, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2111771.pdf?&acceptTC=true&jpdConfirm=true〕〔White Jr, Richard D. "Exploring the Origins of the American Administrative State: Recent Writings on the Ambiguous Legacy of Alexander Hamilton." Public Administration Review 60.2 (2000): 186-190, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/977651.pdf?&acceptTC=true&jpdConfirm=true〕 Montesquieu, Machiavelli, and Aristotle, all of whom argued for strength in the executive, also served as inspiration for the arguments in Federalist No. 70.〔〔 In fact, Hamilton’s call for energy in the executive, as described in Federalist No. 70, mirrors Montesquieu’s preference for a “vigor” in the executive.〔Caldwell, Christopher. "Desperately Seeking Hamilton." Financial Times (England ) 5 Mar. 2003, Comment & Analysis: 21. Print.〕〔Montesquieu, Baron de. Spirit of the Laws: Complete Edition. N.p.: Cosimo Classic, 2011. Print.〕 During the Constitutional Convention in May 1787, Hamilton proposed a plan of government, dubbed the “British Plan," featuring a powerful unitary executive serving for life, or during good behavior.〔〔Fatovic, Clement. "Reason and Experience in Alexander Hamilton's Science of Politics." Western Political Science Association 2010 Annual Meeting Paper. 2010, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/666658〕〔[Hoff, Samuel B. "A bicentennial assessment of Hamilton's energetic executive." Presidential Studies Quarterly (1987): 725-739, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/27550481.pdf?&acceptTC=true&jpdConfirm=true〕〔US Constitution.net. "Constitutional Topic: The Constitutional Convention". Retrieved April 11, 2014.〕 Though this plan was rejected, James Wilson's proposal for a unitary executive, which Hamilton supported, was upheld with a vote of seven to three.〔Padover, Saul Kussiel. To Secure These Blessings; the Great Debates of the Constitutional Convention of 1787. New York: Kraus Reprint, 1970. Print. p. 327-331〕 As part of the Federalists' effort to encourage the ratification of the Constitution, Hamilton published Federalist No. 70 to convince the states of the necessity of unity in the executive branch.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Federalist No. 70」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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